16th Century (1500-1599) C.E.

In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.

Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.

The Portuguese under d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.

Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safawids.

D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.

The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers Egypt.

The reign of Sulayman the Magnificent begins.

Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohacs.

The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.

The Ottomans take Buda in Hungary.

Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.

The architect Sinan builds the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul.

The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra.

Islam spreads to Java, the Moluccas, and Borneo.

The death of Sulayman the Magnificent.

Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.

The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.

The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.

Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.

Mustaili Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.